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André Ulrich, Ingo Stadler, Eberhard Waffenschmidt,
"Optimal
Power Flow Formulations for Coordinating Controllable Loads in
Low-Voltage Grids: An Overview of Constraint Handling and Hyper
Parameter Tuning When Using Metaheuristic Solvers",
submitted in Feb. 2025 to: Electricity 2025, 1, 1–28
In
future higher penetrations of electrical loads in low-voltage
distribution grids are to be expected. To prevent grid oveoad, a
possible solution is coordination of controllable loads. Typical
examples might be charging of electric vehicles or operation of
electric heat pumps. Such loads are associated with specific
requirements that should be fulfilled if possible. However, at the same
time a safe grid operation must be ensured. To this end, a
corresponding optimal power low optimization problem might be
formulated and solved.
This article gives a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art of
optimal power flow formulations. It is investigated, which constraint
handling techniques are used and how hyper parameters are tuned when
solving optimal power flow problems using metaheuristic solvers and how
controllable loads and fluctuating renewable production are
incorporated into optimal power flow formulations.
Therefore, the literature is reviewed for pre-defined criteria. The
results show possible gaps to be filled with future research: extended
optimal power flow formulations to account for controllable loads,
investigation of effects of choosing constraint handling techniques or
hyper parameter tuning on the performance of themetaheuristic solver and automated methods for determining optimal values for hyper parameters.
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Algorithm for optimization.
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